Mollem National Park and Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary in Goa, India, represent a vital ecological and historical region within the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a global biodiversity hotspot. Their history is intertwined with conservation efforts and the recognition of their unique natural and cultural heritage.

Here’s a detailed look at their historical journey:

1. Location and Overview

• Location: Situated in the Sanguem taluka, eastern Goa, near the Karnataka border.
• Geographical Setting: Forms part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Total Area: Approx. 240 sq km — the largest protected area in Goa.
• Components:
  • Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary (approx. 240 sq km)
  • Mollem National Park (a 107 sq km core area within the sanctuary)

2. Pre-Independence History

• Colonial Era (Portuguese rule):
  • Under Portuguese control since the 16th century.
  • The forest area was largely unexplored and used sparingly for timber extraction.
  • Indigenous communities and tribal groups (like Velips, Kunbis) had a cultural and spiritual connection with the forest.

3. Post-Independence Development

• After Goa’s liberation in 1961 and its integration into the Indian Union:
  • The Government of Goa started initiatives for forest conservation.
  • The area was notified as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1969, originally known as Mollem Game Sanctuary.
  • In 1978, it was renamed Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary in honor of Lord Mahavir (Jain spiritual leader), recognizing its rich biodiversity and religious harmony.
  • In 1978, a core area of 107 sq km was carved out and declared Mollem National Park, providing stricter protection under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

4. Cultural and Religious Significance

• The region is dotted with ancient temples, caves, and shrines, including:
  • Tambdi Surla Mahadev Temple: 12th-century Kadamba-Yadava style temple made of basalt, located within the sanctuary.
  • Devils Canyon: A mysterious gorge associated with local folklore.
  • Sacred groves preserved by local tribes and villagers, traditionally protected from exploitation.

5. Ecological Importance

• Biodiversity hotspot: Part of the Western Ghats, among the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity.
• Flora: Tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests with over 722 species of flowering plants.
• Fauna:
  • Mammals: Bengal tiger (rarely seen), leopard, Indian gaur (bison), sloth bear, Malabar giant squirrel.
  • Birds: Over 250 species including the Malabar pied hornbill, paradise flycatcher, kingfishers, etc.
  • Reptiles: King cobra, Indian rock python, and various species of geckos and lizards.
• The area also supports medicinal plants and endemic species.

6. Scientific Research and Education

• Recognized for ecological studies, wildlife research, and biodiversity conservation projects.
• Fieldwork by Indian and international ecologists contributes to the understanding of Western Ghats ecology.
• Popular for eco-tourism and biodiversity education, especially for Goa-based students.

7. Conservation Challenges

• Developmental threats:
  • Recent years (especially since 2020) saw protests against projects like railway double-tracking, power transmission lines, and highway expansion through the protected area.
  • Activist campaigns like #SaveMollem gained national attention, aiming to protect the fragile ecosystem.
• Human-wildlife conflict, poaching, and invasive species remain key concerns.
• Deforestation and climate change are long-term threats.

8. Modern Tourism and Infrastructure

• Key attractions:
  • Dudhsagar Waterfalls: Located on the Mandovi River, inside the sanctuary.
  • Tambdi Surla Temple and nearby trekking routes.
  • Nature trails, jeep safaris, bird watching, and eco-camps.
• Forest Department regulates visitor access** through permits and guided tours.

Conclusion

Mollem National Park and Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary together represent Goa’s largest and most biodiverse forest landscape, blending natural, cultural, and historical significance. From ancient temples like Tambdi Surla to rare species of flora and fauna, it’s a living museum of Western Ghats ecology.

The history of this sanctuary is not just a tale of forests and animals but a reflection of Goa’s transformation—from colonial wilderness to a hub of conservation and activism. While the region thrives as a tourist and ecological destination, its future depends on sustainable practices, responsible tourism, and continued protection from industrial and infrastructural exploitation.