Mehtab Bagh, also known as the “Moonlight Garden,” is a historic Mughal garden located in Agra, India. It is situated on the opposite bank of the Yamuna River from the Taj Mahal and is part of the larger complex of Mughal-era monuments in Agra. The garden is renowned for its stunning views of the Taj Mahal and its historical significance as a Mughal pleasure garden.

Historical Background:

1. Mughal Era Origins:
   • Mehtab Bagh was built during the reign of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, in the early 16th century. It was part of a series of 11 gardens (char baghs) constructed by Babur along the Yamuna River.
   • The garden was later renovated and expanded by Emperor Shah Jahan (who built the Taj Mahal) in the 17th century. Shah Jahan designed Mehtab Bagh as a complementary garden to the Taj Mahal, creating a symmetrical layout across the river.
2. Purpose of the Garden:
   • Mehtab Bagh was designed as a pleasure garden for the Mughal emperors and their families. It was a place for relaxation, recreation, and enjoying the beauty of nature.
   • The garden was also strategically designed to provide a perfect view of the Taj Mahal, especially during moonlit nights, which is why it is called the “Moonlight Garden.”
3. Decline and Rediscovery:
   • Over time, Mehtab Bagh fell into disrepair and was largely forgotten. By the 19th century, it had become a barren land, overgrown with vegetation and eroded by the Yamuna River.
   • In the 1990s, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) began excavating and restoring the garden. During the excavations, the original layout, water channels, and plant species were rediscovered, leading to its revival.

Architectural and Design Features:

1. Char Bagh Layout:
   • Mehtab Bagh follows the classic char bagh (four-part garden) design, a hallmark of Mughal gardens. It is divided into four quadrants by walkways and water channels, symbolizing the Islamic concept of paradise.
2. Symmetry with the Taj Mahal:
   • The garden is perfectly aligned with the Taj Mahal across the Yamuna River. This symmetry was intentional, as Shah Jahan envisioned the garden as a reflection of the Taj Mahal’s beauty.
3. Water Features:
   • The garden originally had a complex system of water channels, fountains, and pools, which were fed by the Yamuna River. These features were designed to cool the garden and enhance its aesthetic appeal.
4. Planting and Flora:
   • Mehtab Bagh was planted with fragrant flowers, fruit trees, and ornamental plants, typical of Mughal gardens. The ASI has replanted many of these species during the restoration process.
5. Pavilions and Structures:
   • Historical records suggest that the garden once had pavilions, towers, and other structures, though most of these have not survived. The remains of a central pool and some foundations have been uncovered during excavations.

Historical Significance:

1. Connection to the Taj Mahal:
   • Mehtab Bagh is often considered an integral part of the Taj Mahal complex. It was designed to complement the Taj Mahal and provide a serene space for viewing the mausoleum from across the river.
2. Mughal Garden Design:
   • The garden is a fine example of Mughal garden design, showcasing the Mughals’ love for nature, symmetry, and water features. It reflects the Persian influence on Mughal architecture and landscaping.
3. Shah Jahan’s Vision:
   • According to legend, Shah Jahan originally planned to build a black marble mausoleum for himself in Mehtab Bagh, directly across from the Taj Mahal. However, this plan was never realized due to his deposition by his son, Aurangzeb.

Restoration and Present-Day Significance:

1. Restoration Efforts:
   • The ASI has undertaken extensive restoration work to revive Mehtab Bagh. The garden has been replanted with traditional Mughal flora, and the water channels and pathways have been reconstructed.
2. Tourist Attraction:
   • Today, Mehtab Bagh is a popular tourist destination, offering one of the best views of the Taj Mahal, especially at sunset and during full moon nights. It is a quieter alternative to the crowded grounds of the Taj Mahal.
3. Cultural and Historical Importance:
   • The garden is a testament to the Mughal Empire’s architectural and horticultural achievements. It provides insight into the lifestyle and aesthetic sensibilities of the Mughal emperors.

Visiting Mehtab Bagh:

• Location: Mehtab Bagh is located on the northern bank of the Yamuna River, directly opposite the Taj Mahal.
• Timings: The garden is open to visitors from sunrise to sunset.
• Best Time to Visit: The garden is particularly beautiful during sunset and on moonlit nights, when the Taj Mahal is reflected in the garden’s pools.

Mehtab Bagh is a historically and architecturally significant Mughal garden that offers a unique perspective on the Taj Mahal and Mughal garden design. Its restoration has brought it back to life as a serene and picturesque destination, deeply connected to the legacy of the Mughal Empire.